Female Masculinity

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Strate, Lance (1989). "The mediation of nature and culture in beer commercials". New Dimensions in Communications, Proceedings of the 47th Annual New York State Speech Communication Association Conference III. 1989: 92–95. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017. White, Sarah C (1 June 1997). "Men, masculinities, and the politics of development". Gender & Development. 5 (2): 14–22. doi: 10.1080/741922357. ISSN 1355-2074. PMID 12292610.

If a woman has masculine physiological traits, she’s naturally masculine. However, this isn’t always the case. A woman may be psychologically masculine, but not physiologically. Prosser, (1998) Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality. Columbia University Press, New York. Jeffrey Richards describes a European "medieval masculinity which was essentially Christian and chivalric". [30] Courage, respect for women of all classes and generosity characterize the portrayal of men in literary history. [ citation needed] According to David Rosen, the traditional view of scholars (such as J. R. R. Tolkien) that Beowulf is a tale of medieval heroism overlooks the similarities between Beowulf and the monster Grendel. The masculinity exemplified by Beowulf "cut[s] men off from women, other men, passion and the household". [31] The solution here is to keep her masculine traits to climb up the social hierarchy while offsetting those traits by displaying feminine traits. For example, if a masculine woman who’s a CEO brings her kid to the office, people are like:Kimmel, Michael S.; Lewis, Summer (2004). Mars and Venus, Or, Planet Earth?: Women and Men in a New Millenium [sic]. Kansas State University. OCLC 57227710. a b c d Francis, Martin (April 2007). "A flight from commitment? Domesticity, adventure and the masculine imaginary in Britain after the Second World War". Gender & History. 19 (1): 163–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0424.2007.00469.x. S2CID 144767677. People regardless of biological sex may exhibit masculine traits and behavior. Those exhibiting both masculine and feminine characteristics are considered androgynous, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification. [16] [17] History [ edit ] Tatchell, Peter (January 1999). "What straight men could learn from gay men - a queer kind of masculinity?". The Scavenger . Retrieved 7 March 2015.

Worell, Judith (2001). Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. San Diego, California: Academic Press. p. 835. ISBN 978-0122272455. At the beginning of the 20th century, most families in the western world consisted of a father working outside the home as breadwinner and a mother as working homemaker in the home, often working together to raise children and/or taking care of elderly family members. [ citation needed] The roles were often divided quite sharply between providing resources (considered masculine) and maintenance and redistribution of resources (considered feminine). [ citation needed] Despite women's increasing participation in the paid labor force and contributions to family income, men's identities remained centered on their working lives and specifically their economic contributions. [ clarification needed] In 1963, social theorist Erving Goffman's seminal work on stigma management presented a list of traits prescribed as categorically masculine for American men:

Messner, Michael A. 1992. Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. Falk, Armin; Hermle, Johannes (19 October 2018). "Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality". Science. 362 (6412): eaas9899. doi: 10.1126/science.aas9899. PMID 30337384. S2CID 53012633. Dudink, Stefan (March 2012). "Multipurpose masculinities: gender and power in low countries histories of masculinity". BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review. 127 (1): 5–18. doi: 10.18352/bmgn-lchr.1562. Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Adams, James Eli (1995), " Introduction", in Adams, James Eli, ed. (1995). Dandies and desert saints: styles of Victorian masculinity. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780801482083.

In an important sense there is only one complete unblushing male in America: a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height, and a recent record in sports. [35] :128 A study by the Center for Theoretical Study at Charles University in Prague and the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic found significant differences in shape among the faces of 66 heterosexual and gay men, with gay men having more "stereotypically masculine" features ("undermin[ing] stereotypical notions of gay men as more feminine looking.") [66] However, other studies with larger sample sizes have found that homosexual men were seen as significantly more feminine and less masculine than those of heterosexual men [67] Furthermore, a 2017 study utilized neural networks to see whether artificial intelligence would be able to differentiate accurately between more than 35,000 images of gay and straight faces. The results showed that the "classifier could correctly distinguish between gay and heterosexual men in 81% of cases, and in 71% of cases for women." Supporting the idea that men's faces are perceived as more feminine, analysis suggests that gay men have more "gender-atypical facial morphology, expression and grooming styles". [68] Masculinity and femininity exist on a spectrum. While most men are masculine, there are some that have feminine tendencies and some that are ultra-masculine. Similarly, most women are feminine, some have masculine tendencies, and some are ultra-feminine. Kimmel, Michael S. (1994). "Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity". Theorizing Masculinities. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 119–141. doi: 10.4135/9781452243627. ISBN 9780803949041.van den Wijngaard, Marianne (1997). Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity. Indiana University Press. p.1. ISBN 0-253-21087-9. Staurowsky, Ellen J. (2016). Women and Sport: Continuing a Journey of Liberation and Celebration. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp.41–49. ISBN 978-1450417594. Hunt, Leon (1998). British low culture: from safari suits to sexploitation. London, New York: Routledge. p.73. ISBN 978-0-415-15182-5.